The concept of pedagogical content knowledge, which shulman introduced as a hypothesis as president of the american educational research association in 1985, became popular very quickly. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the american educational research association. The knowledge bases are content knowledge, general pedagogical knowledge, curriculum knowledge, pck, knowledge of learners and their characteristics, knowledge of educational contest and. However, little is known about how teacher education affects. Analysis indicated that the teachers value orientations to their subject matter influenced their choice of content, their use of the textbook, pedagogical strategies, and their. Starting with shulman s 1987 categories subject matter knowledge smk and pedagogical content knowledge pck and using a practice based approach, ball et al. Though more components and subcomponents are included in 1987, shulmans clarification of pck components is still relatively narrow.
Carey, university of wisconsin this study investigated 40 firstgrade teachers pedagogical content knowledge of chil. Measuring pedagogical content knowledge using multiple points. Preservice teacher knowledge domain transformative model pedagogical content knowledge teacher preparation these keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. Pedagogy is the science of teaching, instruction and training. The second but most especially the third position is a close relative of pedagogical content knowledge, as shulman explained the concept 80 years later. Pedagogical content knowledge what matters most in. Examining preservice teachers pedagogical content knowledge. Carpenter, university of wisconsin elizabeth fennema, university of wisconsin penelope l.
It does no what sat teachery s should know, do, under stand, or profes thas t will rende r teaching more than a form of individual labor, let alone be considered among the learned professions. Pedagogical content knowledge must be addressed within the context of a diverse pedagogy. This article reports the authorsefforts to develop a practicebased theory of content knowledge for teaching built on shulman s 1986 notion of pedagogical content knowledge. The first key study on teacher knowledge shulman, 1987 categorised teacher knowledge into 7. The role of values in the development of pedagogical content knowledge was examined through interviews and classroom observations of four expert high school teachers. Pedagogical content knowledge pck was first introduced by shulman in the 80s. Following the publication of knowledge and teaching. Shulman 1987 defines seven categories to provide a. This framework builds on lee shulman s construct of pedagogical content knowledge pck to include technology knowledge. It was defined as a second kind of content knowledge shulman, 1986, p. He is best known for his work on the knowledge base of teaching, including the construct of pedagogical content knowledge, for his efforts to promote the scholarship of teaching and learning in higher.
Lee shulman has spent his professional life advocating for the importance of teaching at all levels, from kindergarten through graduate school. He has made notable contributions to the study of teaching, assessment of teaching, and the fields of medicine, science and mathematics. Shulman 1986, 1987 is the first who defined and classified teacher knowledge with his researches. Nature, sources and development of pedagogical content knowledge for science teaching. Measuring teachers pedagogical content knowledge in surveys. What is technological pedagogical content knowledge tpack. Shulman 1987 defined pck as the knowledge that teachers use in. Pedagogical content knowledge pck was first intro duced by shulman 1986, 1987 and defined. In this paper, i present an argument regarding the content, character, and. Underlying truly meaningful and deeply skilled teaching with technology, tpack is different from knowledge of all three concepts individually. Shulman 1987 defined pedagogical content knowledge pck as. Teachers pedagogical knowledge and the teaching profession background report and project objectives. Pedagogical content knowledge pck and content knowledge ck are key components of teacher competence that affect student progress. Researchers around the world probed the mathematical knowledge needed for teaching and began to.
Using shulmans model of pedagogical reasoning and action in. The role of teachers pedagogical content knowledge in social studies is addressed through two case studies. Lee shulman s model of pedagogical reasoning and action is related to his theory of pedagogical content knowledge and includes the following components. It includes knowledge of concepts, theories, ideas, organisational framework, and evidence and proof, as well as the practices and approaches that lead to developing such knowledge shulman, 1987. The effect of content knowledge on pedagogical content. The domain of teachers knowledge identified by shulman 1987, which he termed as pedagogic content knowledge, made the distinction between knowing the content for oneself and knowing it with. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. The development of tpack by teachers is critical to effective teaching. This paper provides a brief overview of research on content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge, describes how we have approached the problem, and reports on our efforts to define the domain of mathematical knowledge for teaching and to refine its subdomains. Starting with shulmans 1987 categories subject matter knowledge smk and pedagogical content knowledge pck and using a practice based approach, ball et al. In his 1986 publication, knowledge growth in teaching, lee shulman introduces and outlines the concept of pedagogical content knowledge pck and proposes a theoretical framework for its development. Marks included a third category of pck, which panasonic teb308 pancia tantra pdf pdf is knowledge that is a synthesis of content.
Morrison and kathleen carroll luttenegger metropolitan state university of denver, denver, colorado, usa pedagogical content knowledge pck is the intersection of a teachers knowledge of content, pedagogy, and of the context of the learning situation. In a second article in 1987, shulman identified pck as one of seven categories that constitute the knowledge base of teachers, the other six. Pedagogical content knowledge, that special amalgam of content and pedagogy that is uniquely the. Teachers general pedagogicalpsychological knowledge. In this regard, the professionalization of teaching depends on showing that teaching, like other learned professions, requires mastery of a specialized body of knowledge that is. What is technological pedagogical content knowledge. Shulman 1987 suggests that there are seven such categories of knowledge bases. With regard to pedagogical content knowledge, shulman 1987 defines this as a special amalgam of content and pedagogy that is uniquely the province of teachers, their own form of professional understandingit represents the blending of content and pedagogy into an understanding of how particular topics, problems, or issues are. Relationship between content knowledge and pedagogical. Using shulmans model of pedagogical reasoning and action. Pedagogical content knowledge le shulman 1987 introduced pedagogical content knowledge pck by merging the two important skills of theoretical knowledge and pedagogical methods required by teachers. Pedagogical content knowledge is concerned with how teachers rea son pedagogically. As the concept of pedagogical content knowledge caught on, it was in need of theoretical development, analytic clarification, and empirical testing.
The timing of shulmans article could not have been better. Pedagogical content knowledge circa 1907 and 1987 suny press. The 1994 association for the education of teachers in science yearbook. Pdf pedagogical content knowledge pck plays an important role in classroom. Introduction it is a fact that education is necessary for human resource development which is the corner stone of economic and social development.
Jun 06, 2016 this diagram shows how shulmans knowledgebased theory correlates with the tpack technological, pedagogical and content knowledge ineffective teaching. Developing an understanding of horizon content knowledge. This diagram shows how shulman s knowledge based theory correlates with the tpack technological, pedagogical and content knowledge ineffective teaching. Teacher tests began including items intended to assess teachers pck, researchers began proposing projects to document such knowledge. Mentoring and developing pedagogical content knowledge in. Oct 23, 2012 pedagogical content knowledge pck and content knowledge ck are key components of teacher competence that affect student progress. Foundations of a new reform shulman, 1987, it seemed as though a shift was about to take place in how teacher educators thought about the knowledge base of teaching. Uncovering the special mathematical work of teaching. At the first glance these positions seem to represent differences in institutional affiliation and in selfinterest, but this conclusion masks as much as it reveals. Shulman born september 28, 1938 is an american educational psychologist. Shulman, knowledge growth in teaching 1986 dlavertydotcom.
Pedagogical content knowledge, or pck, as it is often called, is a construct coined by lee shulman 1938 in the mid1980s to emphasize the importance of studying teacher professional knowledge, and teacher knowledge of subject matter in particular. It is different from the knowledge of a disciplinary expert and from general pedagogical knowledge. This framework builds on lee shulmans construct of pedagogical content knowledge pck to include technology knowledge. Pedagogical content knowledge, that special amalgam of content and pedagogy that is uniquely the province of teachers, their own special form of professional understanding shulman, 1987, p. Shulman began his article with a portrait of teaching expertise. An exploratory study this paper discusses the efforts of a group of researchers at the university of michigan to develop surveybased measures of what lee s. The domain of teachers knowledge identified by shulman 1987, which he termed as pedagogic content knowledge, made the distinction between knowing the content. Shulman 1987 calls this pedagogical content knowledge. The malaysian online journal of educational science eric. The starting point of the conceptualization of teachers general. Pdf teachers content knowledge and pedagogical content.
Shulman 1986 divided the construct of knowledge for teaching into three major components. Knowledge for teaching lawlor 1990 describes the medieval view of teaching as one where only subject knowledge is necessary. The pointed arrow from general pedagogical knowledge points to effective teaching and repointing to the pedagogical knowledge pk of tpack. Content knowledge and its role in establishing teaching as a profession. Foundations of the new reform shulman 1987, it seemed as though a shift was about to take place in how teacher educators thought about the knowledge base of teaching. The term pedagogical content knowledge was introduced into the discourse of teacher education in shulmans 1985 presidential address to the american educational research association. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Pedagogical content knowledge also is known as craft knowledge. In the paper, we briefly discuss our rationale for. May 17, 2017 content knowledge, on the other hand, is the what of teaching. This paper describes a framework for teacher knowledge for technology integration called technological pedagogical content knowledge originally tpck, now known as tpack, or technology, pedagogy, and content knowledge.
Teachers pedagogical content knowledge of students. The term pedagogical content knowledge was introduced into the discourse of teacher education in shulman s 1985 presidential address to the american educational research association. Elementary mathematics teacher, content knowledge, pedagogical design capacity 1. In shulmans view, pedagogical content knowledge is a form of practical knowledge that is used by teachers to guide their actions in highly contextualized classroom settings. Pedagogical content knowledge is the category most likely to distinguish the understanding of the content specialist from that of the pedagogue shulman, 1987, p. Shulman 1987 regards general pedagogical knowledge. Gudmundsdottir, sigrun in this paper, which draws on a dissertation in process, one of the issues central to the role of content knowledge for teaching, pedagogical content knowledge, is examined. It comprises integrated knowledge representing teachers accumulated wisdom with respect to their teaching practice. Theoretical framework for the study pedagogical content knowledge pck shulman 1987. Cochran, deruiter, and king 1993 clarified that in higher education, pedagogical con tent knowledge and teaching are different. Pedagogical knowledge and the changing nature of the. Thus, shulman 1987 proposed pck to reduce teachers.
Content knowledge ck is the teachers knowledge about the subject matter students will learn. Mishra and koehler 2006 emphasized teachers need to integrate technology with content in meaningful ways to enhance student learning. What types of knowledge do teachers use to engage learners. The knowledge of teaching pedagogical content knowledge pck. The knowledge of teaching pedagogical content knowledge. In shulmans view, pedagogical content knowledge is a form of. At one level, concern about the knowledge base focuses on improving the respect and status accorded teaching, thereby making it a more rewarding career shulman, 1987. Educational researcher, 152, 414 in his 1986 publication, knowledge growth in teaching, lee shulman introduces and outlines the concept of pedagogical content knowledge pck and proposes a theoretical framework for its development. By defining pck, shulman attempts to bridge what he describes as the gap. Koehler, 2006 that builds on shulman s 1987 pedagogical content knowledge is of particular interest in this study of online efl teacher professional development.
A response to the critics following the publication of knowledge and teaching. Scandinavian journal of educational research 31, 59. In the teacher knowledge model developed by shulman 1986, content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, knowledge of learners, curriculum knowledge, knowledge of educational context, knowledge of educational ends and general pedagogical knowledge take place, respectively shulman, 1986, 1987. The development of tpack by teachers is critical to. Shulman builds his foundation for teaching reform on an idea of teaching that.